BSGatlas

spo0A

BSGatlas-gene-2844

BSGatlas

Description	Information
Coordinates	2518023..2518826
Genomic Size	804 bp
Name	spo0A
Outside Links	SubtiWiki
	BsubCyc
Strand	-
Type	CDS

SubtiWiki

Description	Information
Alternative Name	sof-1
	spo0A
	spo0A
	spo0C
	spo0G
	spoIIL
Category	SW 3 Information processing
	SW 3.4 Regulation of gene expression
	SW 3.4.2 Transcription factors and their control
	SW 3.4.2.1 Two-component system response regulators
	SW 3.4.7 phosphorelay
	SW 3.4.7.4 The ultimate target
	SW 4 Lifestyles
	SW 4.1 Exponential and early post-exponential lifestyles
	SW 4.1.2 Biofilm formation
	SW 4.1.2.4 Regulation
	SW 4.2 Sporulation
	SW 4.2.2 phosphorelay
	SW 4.2.2.4 The ultimate target
	SW 6 Groups of genes
	SW 6.4 Phosphoproteins
	SW 6.4.2 Phosphorylation on an Asp residue
Description	[SW\|phosphorelay] regulator, initiation of [SW\|sporulation], coordinates [SW\|DNA replication] and initiation of [SW\|sporulation] by binding to sites close to the oriC
Function	initiation of [SW\|sporulation]
Is essential?	no
Isoelectric point	5.99
Locus Tag	BSU_24220
Molecular weight	29.5402
Name	spo0A
Product	[SW\|phosphorelay] response regulator

RefSeq

Description	Information
Alternative Locus Tag	BSU24220
Description	Evidence 1a: Function from experimental evidencesin the studied strain; PubMedId: 8504245, 12406209,15556029, 15808745, 23569226, 26152584, 27148245,27501195, 28723971; Product type r: regulator
Functions	16.12: Sense
	16.3: Control
Locus Tag	BSU_24220
Name	spo0A
Title	response regulator, phosphorylated in responseto complex YlbF/YmcA/YaaT
Type	CDS

BsubCyc

Description	Information
Alternative Name	sof-1
	spo0C
	spo0G
	spoIIL
Citation	Ababneh QO;Tindall AJ;Herman JK A Secreted Factor Coordinates Environmental Quality with Bacillus Development. PLoS One 10(12);e0144168 (2015) PUBMED: 26657919
	Asally M;Kittisopikul M;Rue P;Du Y;Hu Z;Çağatay T;Robinson AB;Lu H;Garcia-Ojalvo J;Suel GM Localized cell death focuses mechanical forces during 3D patterning in a biofilm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(46);18891-6 (2012) PUBMED: 23012477
	Boonstra M;de Jong IG;Scholefield G;Murray H;Kuipers OP;Veening JW Spo0A regulates chromosome copy number during sporulation by directly binding to the origin of replication in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 87(4);925-38 (2013) PUBMED: 23301687
	Carabetta VJ;Tanner AW;Greco TM;Defrancesco M;Cristea IM;Dubnau D A complex of YlbF, YmcA and YaaT regulates sporulation, competence and biofilm formation by accelerating the phosphorylation of Spo0A. Mol Microbiol 88(2);283-300 (2013) PUBMED: 23490197
	Chai Y;Norman T;Kolter R;Losick R Evidence that metabolism and chromosome copy number control mutually exclusive cell fates in Bacillus subtilis. EMBO J 30(7);1402-13 (2011) PUBMED: 21326214
	Chastanet A;Losick R Just-in-time control of Spo0A synthesis in Bacillus subtilis by multiple regulatory mechanisms. J Bacteriol 193(22);6366-74 (2011) PUBMED: 21949067
	Chastanet A;Vitkup D;Yuan GC;Norman TM;Liu JS;Losick RM Broadly heterogeneous activation of the master regulator for sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(18);8486-91 (2010) PUBMED: 20404177
	Davidson FA;Seon-Yi C;Stanley-Wall NR Selective Heterogeneity in Exoprotease Production by Bacillus subtilis. PLoS One 7(6);e38574 (2012) PUBMED: 22745669
	Defeu Soufo HJ A Novel Cell Type Enables B. subtilis to Escape from Unsuccessful Sporulation in Minimal Medium. Front Microbiol 7;1810 (2016) PUBMED: 27891124
	Dubnau EJ;Carabetta VJ;Tanner AW;Miras M;Diethmaier C;Dubnau D A protein complex supports the production of Spo0A-P and plays additional roles for biofilms and the K-state in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 101(4);606-24 (2016) PUBMED: 27501195
	Grau RR;de Ona P;Kunert M;Lenini C;Gallegos-Monterrosa R;Mhatre E;Vileta D;Donato V;Holscher T;Boland W;Kuipers OP;Kovacs ÁT A Duo of Potassium-Responsive Histidine Kinases Govern the Multicellular Destiny of Bacillus subtilis. MBio 6(4);e00581 (2015) PUBMED: 26152584
	Gross L Built-in Timer Delays Differentiation. PLoS Biol 10(1);e1001254 (2012) PUBMED: 22303284
	Ihekwaba AE;Mura I;Barker GC Computational modelling and analysis of the molecular network regulating sporulation initiation in Bacillus subtilis. BMC Syst Biol 8;119 (2014) PUBMED: 25341802
	Kovacs AT Bacterial differentiation via gradual activation of global regulators. Curr Genet 62(1);125-8 (2016) PUBMED: 26458398
	Lazazzera BA;Hughes D Genetics: Location affects sporulation. Nature 525(7567);42-3 (2015) PUBMED: 26287460
	Levine JH;Fontes ME;Dworkin J;Elowitz MB Pulsed feedback defers cellular differentiation. PLoS Biol 10(1);e1001252 (2012) PUBMED: 22303282
	Mirouze N;Desai Y;Raj A;Dubnau D Spo0A~P imposes a temporal gate for the bimodal expression of competence in Bacillus subtilis. PLoS Genet 8(3);e1002586 (2012) PUBMED: 22412392
	Mirouze N;Prepiak P;Dubnau D Fluctuations in spo0A Transcription Control Rare Developmental Transitions in Bacillus subtilis. PLoS Genet 7(4);e1002048 (2011) PUBMED: 21552330
	Narula J;Devi SN;Fujita M;Igoshin OA Ultrasensitivity of the Bacillus subtilis sporulation decision. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(50);E3513-22 (2012) PUBMED: 23169620
	Narula J;Kuchina A;Lee DY;Fujita M;Suel GM;Igoshin OA Chromosomal Arrangement of Phosphorelay Genes Couples Sporulation and DNA Replication. Cell 162(2);328-37 (2015) PUBMED: 26165942
	Narula J;Kuchina A;Zhang F;Fujita M;Suel GM;Igoshin OA Slowdown of growth controls cellular differentiation. Mol Syst Biol 12(5);871 (2016) PUBMED: 27216630
	Pedrido ME;de Ona P;Ramirez W;Lenini C;Goni A;Grau R Spo0A links de novo fatty acid synthesis to sporulation and biofilm development in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 87(2);348-67 (2013) PUBMED: 23170957
	Schultz D Coordination of cell decisions and promotion of phenotypic diversity in B. subtilis via pulsed behavior of the phosphorelay. Bioessays 38(5);440-5 (2016) PUBMED: 26941227
	Sen S;Garcia-Ojalvo J;Elowitz MB Dynamical consequences of bandpass feedback loops in a bacterial phosphorelay. PLoS One 6(9);e25102 (2011) PUBMED: 21980382
	Si T;Li B;Zhang K;Xu Y;Zhao H;Sweedler JV Characterization of Bacillus subtilis Colony Biofilms via Mass Spectrometry and Fluorescence Imaging. J Proteome Res 15(6);1955-62 (2016) PUBMED: 27136705
	Vishnoi M;Narula J;Devi SN;Dao HA;Igoshin OA;Fujita M Triggering sporulation in Bacillus subtilis with artificial two-component systems reveals the importance of proper Spo0A activation dynamics. Mol Microbiol 90(1);181-94 (2013) PUBMED: 23927765
	Widderich N;Rodrigues CD;Commichau FM;Fischer KE;Ramirez-Guadiana FH;Rudner DZ;Bremer E Salt-sensitivity of σ(H) and Spo0A prevents sporulation of Bacillus subtilis at high osmolarity avoiding death during cellular differentiation. Mol Microbiol 100(1);108-24 (2016) PUBMED: 26712348
	Xenopoulos P;Piggot PJ Regulation of growth of the mother cell and chromosome replication during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 193(12);3117-26 (2011) PUBMED: 21478340
Comment	One or more strains containing mutant alleles of this gene can be obtained from the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center. Click here to see the list of available strains at BGSC. Evidence 1a: Function experimentally demonstrated in the studied strain; PubMedId: 12406209, 15556029, 15808745, 8504245; Product type r: regulator Review: \|CITS: [24914187]\|
Description	response regulator
Gene Ontology	GO:0000156 phosphorelay response regulator activity
	GO:0000160 phosphorelay signal transduction system
	GO:0000917 division septum assembly
	GO:0003677 DNA binding
	GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activity
	GO:0005509 calcium ion binding
	GO:0005737 cytoplasm
	GO:0006351 transcription, DNA-templated
	GO:0006355 regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
	GO:0008356 asymmetric cell division
	GO:0030435 sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
	GO:0032022 NA
	GO:0035556 intracellular signal transduction
	GO:0042173 regulation of sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
	GO:0045881 positive regulation of sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore
	GO:0046872 metal ion binding
Locus Tag	BSU24220
Molecular weight	29.691
Name	spo0A

Nicolas et al. predictions

Description	Information
Expression neg. correlated with	BSU03600, BSU03590, BSU03610, BSU11640, BSU00700, BSU12840, BSU30035, new_1240279_1240355, BSU25430, new_154838_155119
Expression pos. correlated with	BSU23470, BSU23460, BSU23450, BSU09190, BSU10860, BSU18350, BSU21750, new_2076113_2076205, BSU18360, BSU08670
Highly expressed condition	(B60) A fresh colony grown on an LB plate was used to inoculate 10 ml of LB and grown for 10 hoursat 30°C. This culture wasused to inoculate 10 ml of MSgg medium (S.S. Branda et al., J Bacteriol 186, 3970, Jun, 2004) and incubated with vigorous shaking. The cultures in MSgg were diluted to the same extent in 96 wells microtiterplates (5 μl for 1.5 ml of medium) and incubated without shaking at 30°C. Cells from the control cultures were harvested after 24 hours of incubation [BT]. Biofilms were harvested from 96 well plates after incubation for 36 hours [B36] and 60 hours [B60].
	(BC) Cultures were inoculated from frozen glycerol stocks and grown overnight in LB at 37°C. These cultures were thendiluted, plated onto LB plates, and incubated for 16 h at 37°C. Cells were harvested from plates containing individual colonies [BI] andfrom plates with confluen growth [BC].
	(LoTm) Cells were grown in Spizizen’s minimal medium (SMM) (C. Anagnostopoulos, J. Spizizen, J Bacteriol 81, 741, May, 1961) with vigorous agitation. The control culture was grown at 37 °C [SMMPr]. For growth at high or low temperatures, pre-cultures were grown at 37 °C, diluted to an OD578nm of 0.1 and subsequently transferred to 51 °C [HiTm] and 16 °C [LoTm], respectively. For the growth at high salinity, the salinity of the medium was adjusted by adding NaCl (5 M stock solution) to produce a final concentration of 1.2 M [HiOs].
	(M9stat) Cells were grown in M9 supplemented with glucose (0.3 %) at 37°C with vigorous shaking. The composition of the M9 minimal medium is (per liter): 8.5 g Na2HPO4.2H20, 3 g KH2PO4, 1 g NH4Cl and 0.5 g NaCl. The following solutions were individually sterilized and added (volumes per liter of medium): 1 ml 0.1 M CaCl2.2H2O, 1 ml 1 M MgSO4.7H2O, 1 ml 50 mM Fe-Citrate. Also added was 10 ml of a trace salts solution containing (per liter): 170 mg ZnCl2, 100 mg MnCl2.4H2O, 60 mg CoCl2.6H2O, 60 mg Na2MoO4.2H2O and 43 mg CuCl2.2H2O. Overnight cultures were diluted 2000-fold in pre-warmed M9 medium and samples were harvested during exponential growth [M9exp], at the transition phase [M9tran] and during stationary phase [M9stat].
	(S2) Cells were grown in CH medium at 37°C and sporulation was induced by resuspension in warm sporulation medium as described by Sterlini and Mandelstam (J. M. Sterlini, J. Mandelstam, Biochem J 113, 29, Jun, 1969). The initiation of sporulation was designated T0, the time of resuspension. Samples were harvested at hourly intervals for 6 hours [S0 to S6] for the first set of experiments and for 8 hours [S0 to S8] for a second set of experiments.
	(S3) Cells were grown in CH medium at 37°C and sporulation was induced by resuspension in warm sporulation medium as described by Sterlini and Mandelstam (J. M. Sterlini, J. Mandelstam, Biochem J 113, 29, Jun, 1969). The initiation of sporulation was designated T0, the time of resuspension. Samples were harvested at hourly intervals for 6 hours [S0 to S6] for the first set of experiments and for 8 hours [S0 to S8] for a second set of experiments.
	(T3.0H) Anon-sporulating B. subtilis strain was grown in a modified M9 medium in batch culture (T. Hardiman, K. Lemuth, M. A. Keller, M. Reuss, M. Siemann-Herzberg, J Biotechnol 132, 359, Dec 1, 2007). Glucose was exhausted when the culture reached an OD600 of approx. 10 and this was designated T0 [T0.0H]. 7 samples were harvested at various times before glucose exhaustion [T-5.40H to T-0.40H] and 10 samples at various times after glucose exhaustion [T0.30H to T5.0H].
	(T3.30H) Anon-sporulating B. subtilis strain was grown in a modified M9 medium in batch culture (T. Hardiman, K. Lemuth, M. A. Keller, M. Reuss, M. Siemann-Herzberg, J Biotechnol 132, 359, Dec 1, 2007). Glucose was exhausted when the culture reached an OD600 of approx. 10 and this was designated T0 [T0.0H]. 7 samples were harvested at various times before glucose exhaustion [T-5.40H to T-0.40H] and 10 samples at various times after glucose exhaustion [T0.30H to T5.0H].
	(T4.0H) Anon-sporulating B. subtilis strain was grown in a modified M9 medium in batch culture (T. Hardiman, K. Lemuth, M. A. Keller, M. Reuss, M. Siemann-Herzberg, J Biotechnol 132, 359, Dec 1, 2007). Glucose was exhausted when the culture reached an OD600 of approx. 10 and this was designated T0 [T0.0H]. 7 samples were harvested at various times before glucose exhaustion [T-5.40H to T-0.40H] and 10 samples at various times after glucose exhaustion [T0.30H to T5.0H].
	(T5.0H) Anon-sporulating B. subtilis strain was grown in a modified M9 medium in batch culture (T. Hardiman, K. Lemuth, M. A. Keller, M. Reuss, M. Siemann-Herzberg, J Biotechnol 132, 359, Dec 1, 2007). Glucose was exhausted when the culture reached an OD600 of approx. 10 and this was designated T0 [T0.0H]. 7 samples were harvested at various times before glucose exhaustion [T-5.40H to T-0.40H] and 10 samples at various times after glucose exhaustion [T0.30H to T5.0H].
Lowely expressed condition	(dia15) Diamide was added to an exponentially growing culture (OD600 approx. 0.6) at a sub-lethal concentration(0.5 mM) and growth continued at 37°C with vigorous shaking. Samples were collected 0, 5 and 15 minutes after diamide addition [dia0, dia5 and dia15].
	(Diami) Cells were grown in LB medium at 37°C. At OD540 of 0.3, the culture were divided into four subcultures and diamide 0.6 mM [Diami], paraquat 0.4 mM [Paraq], H2O2 0.1mM [H2O2] or no oxidative drug [Oxctl] were added to the medium. Samples were taken 10 minutes after addition
	(Etha) Cells were grown in a synthetic medium (J. Stülke, R. Hanschke, M. Hecker, J Gen Microbiol 139, 2041, Sep, 1993) with 0.2 % glucose as carbon source (Belitsky Minimal Medium/BMM) at 37 °C with vigorous shaking. Stress was applied to exponentially growing cultures at OD500nm of 0.4. Samples were harvested before stress [BMM]; after a rapid temperature up-shift from 37 °C to 48 °C [Heat]; after a temperature down-shift from 37 °C to 18 °C [Cold]. Ethanol stress was imposed by adding ethanol to a final concentration of 4 % (v/v) and cells were harvested 10 minutes after ethanol addition [Etha].
	(G135) Purified spores were obtained by growing cells in DSM medium (P. Schaeffer, J. Millet, J. P. Aubert, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 54, 704, Sep, 1965) at 37°C for 48 hours after which they were washed ten times in ice cold distilled waterover a period of 5 days. Purified spores were heat activated at 70°C in Tris 10 mM pH8.4 and germination was initiated by the addition of L-alanine 10 mM (A. Moir, J Bacteriol 146, 1106, Jun, 1981). After incubation for one hour at 37°C, the culture was diluted with an equal volume of 2X LBmedium and germinating cells were harvested at 135, 150 or 180 minutes after addition of L-alanine [G135, G150 and G180].
	(G150) Purified spores were obtained by growing cells in DSM medium (P. Schaeffer, J. Millet, J. P. Aubert, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 54, 704, Sep, 1965) at 37°C for 48 hours after which they were washed ten times in ice cold distilled waterover a period of 5 days. Purified spores were heat activated at 70°C in Tris 10 mM pH8.4 and germination was initiated by the addition of L-alanine 10 mM (A. Moir, J Bacteriol 146, 1106, Jun, 1981). After incubation for one hour at 37°C, the culture was diluted with an equal volume of 2X LBmedium and germinating cells were harvested at 135, 150 or 180 minutes after addition of L-alanine [G135, G150 and G180].
	(H2O2) Cells were grown in LB medium at 37°C. At OD540 of 0.3, the culture were divided into four subcultures and diamide 0.6 mM [Diami], paraquat 0.4 mM [Paraq], H2O2 0.1mM [H2O2] or no oxidative drug [Oxctl] were added to the medium. Samples were taken 10 minutes after addition
	(HPh) Cells were harvested (i) during exponential growth in high phosphate defined medium [HPh]; (ii) during exponential growth in low phosphate defined medium [LPh] (J. P. Muller, Z. An, T. Merad, I. C. Hancock, C. R. Harwood, Microbiology 143, 947, Mar, 1997);and (iii) at three hours after the outset of the phosphate-limitation induced stationary phase [LPhT].
	(LPh) Cells were harvested (i) during exponential growth in high phosphate defined medium [HPh]; (ii) during exponential growth in low phosphate defined medium [LPh] (J. P. Muller, Z. An, T. Merad, I. C. Hancock, C. R. Harwood, Microbiology 143, 947, Mar, 1997);and (iii) at three hours after the outset of the phosphate-limitation induced stationary phase [LPhT].
	(S0) Cells were grown in CH medium at 37°C and sporulation was induced by resuspension in warm sporulation medium as described by Sterlini and Mandelstam (J. M. Sterlini, J. Mandelstam, Biochem J 113, 29, Jun, 1969). The initiation of sporulation was designated T0, the time of resuspension. Samples were harvested at hourly intervals for 6 hours [S0 to S6] for the first set of experiments and for 8 hours [S0 to S8] for a second set of experiments.
	(Salt) Cells were grown in Spizizen’s minimal medium (SMM) at 37 °C with vigorous shaking. Salt was added, to a final concentration of 0.4 M to an exponentially growing culture of cells at OD500 of 0.4. Samples were harvested before [SMM] and 10 minutes after [Salt] NaCl addition.
Name	spo0A

KEGG Pathways

Description	Information
Pathway	Two-component system (ko02020)
	Quorum sensing (ko02024)

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